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Slide SILAT OLAHRAGA in Biomechanic
KINESIOLOGY PART2 ASSESMENT
1. Journal individual assignment
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2. Grouping Assignment
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND RECREATION
SHAH ALAM
KINESIOLOGY
(SPS 492)
ASSIGNMENT
NO: 1
TITLE: EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ACTIVITY
LEVELS ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHILDREN.
(Date
of submission: 16/5/2017)
NAME:
NUR RASYIQAH BINTI MOKHTAR
STUDENT
ID: 2016690936
GROUP:
SR2432S1
CONTENTS:
PARTS
|
PAGES
|
|
1.0
|
Introduction
|
|
2.0
|
Main
Content
2.1
Journal Content
2.2
Issues
2.3 Discussion
2.4 Personal
opinion
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|
3.0
|
Conclusion
|
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
author of this journal, Effect of Physical Education and Activity Levels on
Academic Achievement in Children is Dawn Podulka Coe, James M. Pivarnik,
Christopher J. Womack, Mathew J. Reeves, and Robert M. Malina. This journal
published on 31 March 2014 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6899305.
2.0
MAIN
CONTENTS
2.1
JOURNAL
CONTENT
This
study was conducted to determine the effect of physical education class enrollment
and physical activity on academic achievement in middle school children.
Participants were 214 sixth-grade students randormly assigned to physical
education during either first or second semesters. Moderate and vigorous
physical activity (MPVA) (number of 30-min time block) outside of school was
assessed using the 3-d physical activity recall (3DPAR). The 3DPAR times blocks
were converted to ordinal data with scores of 1 (no acticvity), 2 (some
activity) or 3 (activity meeting Healthy People 2010 guidelines). Academic
achievement was assessed using grades from four core academic classes and
standardized test scores (Terra Nova percentiles). Grades were similar regardless of whether
students were enrolled in physical education during first or second semesters.
Physical education classes averaged only 19 min of MVPA. Students who either
performed some or met Healthy People 2010 guidelines for vigorous activity had
significantly higher grades (P < 0.05) than students who performed no
vigorous activity in both semesters. Moderate physical activity did not affect
grades. Standardized test scores were not significantly related to physical
education class enrollment or physical activity levels.
2.2 ISSUES
This study was conducted to determine the
effect of physical education class enrollment and physical activity on academic
achievement in middle school children.
2.3 DISCUSSION
Increase physical activity during the
school day may induce arousal and reduce
boredam, which can lead to increased attention span and concentration.
Moreover, increased actvity level might be related to increased self-esteem,
which would improve classrom behavior as well as performance. The vigorous
activity levels may meet the threshold of physical activity intensity necessary
to positively influence academic performance. Then, increased the
academic achievement was influenced by the increased time spent in physical
education class. Sport participation provide adequate intensity level to meet
the threshold necessary to see desirable effect of physical activity on fitness
and academic achievement.
2.4 PERSONAL OPINION
In my opinion, Im agree with this journal. This is
because physical education and activity levels
on academic achievement give a good effects to children.
3.0 CONCLUSION
That students enrolled in physical
education would have better academic achievement than those not enrolled in
physical education because of increased levels of physical activity gained
during class time. Then the students who achieved Healthy People 2010
guidelines for physical activity would have the highest academic achievement.
Physical education class enrollment status did not influence academic
achievement in core classes.
4.0 REFERENCE
(i)
Effect of Physical
Education and Activity Levels on Academic Achievement in Children,
ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6899305.
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FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND RECREATION
SHAH ALAM
KINESIOLOGY
(SPS 492)
ASSIGNMENT
NO: 2
TITLE: NETBALL
(Date
of submission: 13/6/2017)
BIL
|
NAMES
|
NO. MATRIC
|
1.
|
Muhamad Fitri Bin Hassim
|
2016857542
|
2.
|
Fadlin Taban Anak Pilu
|
2016204882
|
3.
|
Nur Rasyiqah Binti Mokhtar
|
2016690936
|
4.
|
Nor Suhaida Binti Mustafa
|
2016690774
|
5.
|
Nurul Nabilah Rauqah Binti Rosli
|
2016222374
|
CONTENTS:
PARTS
|
PAGES
|
|
1.0
|
Introduction
|
|
2.0
|
Main
Content
2.1
Nature of The Game
2.2
Key Motor Skill
Performance
2.3 Roles of
Biomechanics in Sport Performance
2.4 Roles of
Sport Pedagogy in Sport Performance
|
|
3.0
|
Conclusion
|
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kinesiology
is the scientific study of human movement performance to maintain or improve
physical fitness. To identify the physiological, mechanical and psychological
variables needed in human movement. In kinesiology also were apply the
principles of kinesiology as a professional in the field of coaching, athlete
training or any other profession by analyse human movement and making
appropriate recommendations.
The science components of exercise
science within which the body of knowledge is describes, studies and expanded.
In the report, its include the nature of the sport, motor skill in sport, roles
biomechanics in sport performance and roles sport pedagogy in sport
performance. Sport that we choose is netball and its will describe about motor
skill that have in netball.
There are five motor skill that
involve in netball such as open skill, external passed skill, and gross skill,
interactive and discrete skill. Kinesiology were important to improve
performance, safe movements, use movements for therapy,
helps to evaluate exercise and efficiency.
2.0
MAIN
CONTENTS
2.1
Nature
of The Game
Netball is a team sport which is the
game is fast, exciting and involving the movement of running, jumping, throwing
and also capture. Netball same with basketball even though there is a
difference in law, equipment and team number. In netball there are movements
dribbling, unable to walk while holding the ball. In this sport got seven
players. There is a centre (C), a goal keeper (GK), a goal defend (GD), a wind
defend (WD), a wing attack (WA), a goal attack (GA), one is goal shooter (GS).
In netball, players are not allowed to hold the ball more than 3 seconds. Size
of the ball and the basket is smaller than basketball. Netball is also no
backboard. The Player shall be formed in certain positions in the Court. There
are certain parts in court that are not allowed entered into by certain
players.
A Netball court measures
30.5m long by 15.25m wide (as compared to a regulation NBA basketball court).Netball
posts are the same height as Basketball posts (3.048m), however the goal ring
is smaller in diameter.
Netball
game is played in four quarters, each lasting fifteen minutes. There are
intervals of three minutes between the first and second quarters and between
the third and fourth quarters, and an interval of five minutes at half time. If
an umpire or player calls time, the time keeper paused the timer. When play
resumes, the timer is restarted. A maximum of two minutes is allowed for an
injury.
2.2
Keys
of Motor Skill Performance
Sport skills are voluntary, coordinated
tasks with sport-specific goals. Basic
movement skills is the first step toward learning sport-specific skills for an
athletic performance. Understand the basic of movements will help to get good
training decisions for proficiency as well as for fitness, strength and
conditioning.
There a few skills that involved
in netball. There are open skills, externally passed skills, gross skills,
interactive skills and also discrete skills. All of these skill help to improve
the netball games and also a skill that required.
The first skill is the open skill.
Open skills is a skill that when the environment is constantly changing and so
movements have to be continually adapted. Skills are predominantly perceptual
and externally paced. For example, sometimes netball are playing at open field
but sometimes play in closed place likes in hall.
The second skills is the externally
paced skill this may include opponents, controls the rate of performing the
skill. In this skills the performer should pay attention to external events in
order to control the rate of movement. For example centre want to pass the ball
to goal attack with obstruction of an opponent, so that centre must take an
action to make sure the ball is able to goal attack.
The next skill is the gross skill,
involve large muscle movements which are not very precise and include many
fundamental movement patterns such as walking, running and jumping. In netball
there are lots of this skills used. The player need many stamina tu make sure
their performance not drop before the time is end. To make sure their
performance are not drop, they must have enough training. They must do some
endurance training, because in netball they not just use muscle.
Besides that, interactive skill also
one of the skills that include in netball. are those performed where other
performers are directly involved. Then the last skills is the discrete skills.
This skills are brief, well-defined actions that have a clear
beginning and end. It make up the actions involved in a variety of sports such
as hitting and throwing.
2.3
Roles
of Biomechanics in Sport Performance
2.3.1 Passing
Netball using a system of throws
from one player to another appears to be a simple process requiring speed,
accuracy and distance. However, in reality it is far from simple. The
effectiveness of a player’s ability to successfully pass the ball is essential
for the success of the team as a whole. There are several types of netball
passing way that we can use as chest pass, the over arm shoulder pass, the double handed
over head lob pass, the double handed over head lob pass and the bounce pass.
a.
Chest Pass
Chest pass in netball
all of the joints in our kinetic chain are required to simultaneously move in a
single push-like movement pattern. The cumulated forces generated from each
joint results in a high overall force and a straight-line movement at the end
point in the chain which makes the movement highly accurate. Although the chest
pass allows the ball to move at a higher force and more accurately, the
push-like pattern of the pass has a slow movement speed, thus the speed of the
pass movement is restricted by the shortening of our muscles. However, stepping
forward as the pass is initiated contributes to forward velocity and increases
the momentum in the upper body and arms. The use of two hands moving in a
symmetrical forward direction provides the accuracy of the throw, and having
the fingers spread helps to steer the direction of the chest pass. This is why
chest passes are generally used to cover small distances. A chest pass is very
efficient and one of the most commonly used movements in a netball game.
b.
The Over Arm
Shoulder Pass
Unlike the simultaneous
movement in the push-like movement of the chest pass, this skill use a single
arm shoulder pass requires the joints in the kinetic chain to extend
sequentially.
An over arm throw movement begins in what is called the wind-up phase.
During this phase the shoulder begins to extend and elbow is flexing by being
drawn backwards. As the sequence continues there is a significant increase in
the extension velocity of the hand and fingers, which results in a high ball
release velocity. This flick movement of the wrist and fingers at the end of
the over arm throw contributes to the speed at which the ball is released. The
momentum is generated and transfered of production from larger muscle. The
efficiency of the throw-like pattern for gaining distance is the result of
using tissues that have the fastest shortening speeds, the tendons. A tendon
has high kinetic energy and stores elastic potential energy, so when it is released
it recoils very quickly with high speed. This is why the over arm throw is
used to pass the netball over larger distances. Flattening the arc of the throw
by rotating the hips improves the overall accuracy of the throw.
c.
The Double Handed
Over Head Lob Pass
This is one of the
least commonly used passes within a netball context. This throw requires the
arms to be lifted and extended to where the back is slightly arched and the
elbows are bent allowing the ball to be placed just behind the head. An
appropriate amount of force is then applied to offload through the tension in
the back and arms, and concludes with a fast outward movement that comes from
the thumbs and fingers. Players do not have to go forward to their throwing for
the means used to generate power to drive the passes will be bigger, more
direct and more accurate, because the base is wider stance improves stability
of the players as they throw, and there will be some speed forward and momentum
increases in the upper body and arms. While this pass are still using both
hands to produce a burst of relatively straight forward directed, raised his
hand to head height or above means that at the end point of the chain
kinematics.
d.
Bounce Pass
Pass
the ball bounces in the net as well as some of the less commonly used. Pas
bounce require flexion and extension arm and elbow with double lob throw hand.
For example, player A exerts a force acts to the ball in a downward direction
in which the ball was wearing at the time of the reaction force in the vertical
direction is felt by a very small increase in pressure on the player's finger.
Ball moving down before making contact with the court. Court imposes a reaction force to the back to
netball causing it to bounce up and into the hands of the player who receives
it.
2.3.2
Shooting
a.
Shooting Action
Forces will involve in
shooting action. Forces can define as a push or pull (McGinnis, 1954) or
anything that causes or has potential to cause movement. Forces can be
described as internal (act within the object or system whose motion is being
investigated) or external (act on an object as a result of its interaction with
the environment). For Example muscles and bones are regard as inside the system
therefore, are internal forces, any forces applied outside the body e.g.
gravity, contact with the ground or another person and friction are all
external forces. The motion we are curious about is the force directed
upon the ball as it travels to the goal ring. The tendency for an object
to remain in its present state is called inertia, often referred to as Newtons
Law of Inertia. This law states the acceleration of an object is
proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the
mass of the object. This means that if we want to change the motion of an
object, we need to apply a force. All forces
have four common properties. Firstly is magnitude such as the amount of force.
Secondly, Direction that mean the angle at which the force is applied. Thirdly,
a point of application of specific point at which the force is applied. Lastly,
a line of action that represented by a straight line through the point of
application in the direction that the force is acting.
As a goal shooter in netball, we propel the ball through legs, trunk, shoulders, arms, and wrist. Many shooters bent their knees during the sinking action of the shot. Flexing or sinking at the knees is required to ensure adequate force could be created during the extension phase of the shooting action to propel the ball to the goal ring. To gain a more accurate shot for goal, many shooters tend to flex their forearm at the elbow. Shooter should extend the shooting hand only as far as necessary to stabilise the ball in preparation to shoot. Try to evade unnecessary hyperextension of the hand at the wrist. Skilled shooters extend the knees and shooting elbow and flexed hand at wrist in the same motion. This simultaneous motion is used to attain utmost accuracy rather than maximum velocity (speed) for the shot. Additionally there is no single or optimal target for skilled shooters to focus on when preparing to shoot. Where a shooter focuses upon when preparing to shoot is one of personal preference.
As a goal shooter in netball, we propel the ball through legs, trunk, shoulders, arms, and wrist. Many shooters bent their knees during the sinking action of the shot. Flexing or sinking at the knees is required to ensure adequate force could be created during the extension phase of the shooting action to propel the ball to the goal ring. To gain a more accurate shot for goal, many shooters tend to flex their forearm at the elbow. Shooter should extend the shooting hand only as far as necessary to stabilise the ball in preparation to shoot. Try to evade unnecessary hyperextension of the hand at the wrist. Skilled shooters extend the knees and shooting elbow and flexed hand at wrist in the same motion. This simultaneous motion is used to attain utmost accuracy rather than maximum velocity (speed) for the shot. Additionally there is no single or optimal target for skilled shooters to focus on when preparing to shoot. Where a shooter focuses upon when preparing to shoot is one of personal preference.
a.
Balance
And Stability
All
humans and objects have a centre of gravity. The point around which
all the particles of the body are evenly distributed, and therefore the point
at which we could place a single weight vector is the body’s centre of
gravity. Centre of gravity cannot be easy to find the exact centre
of gravity on a human, especially in sport. Excessive trunk movement
during the shooting action could hinder with stability and body balance.
Therefore, there is minimal movement of the truck and arm movement (Steele,
1993). Having a solid structure for balance and stability will allow for
optimal performance to execute an accurate shot at goal.
b. Ball Release
The
ball release is an important concept when performing a shot for goal. The trunk
of the body is straight and an upright head position is
maintained. Skilled shooters release the ball with arm extended, but
not to the position of being rigid or unbendable. The release point of the ball
is directly above the head. This is evident is accurate shooters. When a
defender is present the angle of release will change if the defenders hands are
close hence an interception or tip may be achieved. A high release of the ball
was recognized as beneficial which saw the ball release from the hands higher,
also shortening the pathway the ball travelling to reach the goal ring. Release
height can be influenced and improved by extension at the knees and at the
elbow of the shooting arm.
c. Distance From The Post
Distance
is also another factor that will impact on a netball shoot. The distance
increased from the goal post accuracy decreased on the netball shot. The
optimum distance for goal scoring was between 0.9m to 1.5m from the
post. When the shooting range or distance has increased, shooters
will require a change in the mechanics of the shooting action. For example
shooting 4-5 metres out from the goal post will require and that will influence
the accuracy of the netball shot:
-an increase in force produce on the object.
- Then projectile angle increased, height will be
increased.
-Increased speed of motion on the ball
-Deeper flexion of knees and elbows to produce a
greater force
d.
Netball Shot In
Sequence
This is how to measure
netball shot in sequence. There are ways to use such centre of gravity is
centre to mass. The person must have balanced and stability. Then the person
should flexing the elbow as ball it placed behind head. Flexion of the knees is
also contributed to produce a force on the ball. Flexion of both knees and
elbow in same motion can make a good shooting.
2.4
Roles
of Sport Pedagogy in Sport Performance
Sport pedagogy is one of the most
important aspect in sport education/ physical education. Researchers always try
to develop new and better way to raise the teaching. For learning process in
sports must have types of motor skills such as gross, fine, open, closed, complex
and simple.
For netball sport have motor skill
of fine. Fine motor skill is coordinate precise, small movements involving the
hands, wrist, feet, toes, lips or tongue. Example, someone have fine motor
skill, a player finger can hold the ball with safely. Next motor skills is
open. Open motor skill is involve the influence of the environment. Example,
someone have open motor skill, they can do decision making to pass in netball.
Moreover, motor skills that involve in Netball it is simple. Simple motor skill
is where the performers have little information to process and few decisions to
make, as well as small subroutines in which the speed and timing would not be
crucial. Example, someone have simple motor skill a player can involve in Netball
easily.
3.0
CONCLUSION
Learning
how to play netball will interesting and exciting especially when you increased
strength and mobility allows you to make outstanding plays seem effortless.
However, the training are very important to make sure the performance maintain
at top level. The kinesiology movement that involve in netball are to ensure
the skill of netball can do perfect with training.
The principles of kinesiology as
a professional in the field of coaching, athlete training or any other
profession by analysing human movement and making appropriate recommendations. Kinesiology goes over almost every aspect of the
physiology behind humans. Kinesiology is not studied merely to incite our
interest in a fascinating and mysterious subject. The study of kinesiology is
an essential part of the educational experience of students of physical
education, dance, sport, and physical medicine. Knowledge of kinesiology has a
threefold purpose for practitioners in any of these fields. It should enable
them to help their students or clients.
REFERENCE
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